Haiti

Haiti,[b] officially the Republic of Haiti,[c][d] is a country on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and south of The Bahamas. It occupies the western three-eighths of the island, which it shares with the Dominican Republic.[18][19] Haiti is the third largest country in the Caribbean, and with an estimated population of 11.4 million, is the most populous Caribbean country.[20][21][22] The capital and largest city is Port-au-Prince.

Haiti was originally inhabited by the Taíno people.[23] In 1492, Christopher Columbus established the first European settlement in the Americas, La Navidad, on its northeastern coast.[24][25] The island was part of the Spanish Empire until 1697, when the western portion was ceded to France and became Saint-Domingue, dominated by sugarcane plantations worked by enslaved Africans. The 1791-1804 Haitian Revolution made Haiti the first sovereign state in the Caribbean, the second republic in the Americas, the first country in the Americas to officially abolish slavery, and the only country in history established by a slave revolt.[26][27][28] The 19th century saw political instability, international isolation, debt to France, and failed invasions of the Dominican Republic, including a costly war. U.S. forces occupied Haiti from 1915 to 1934,[29] followed by dictatorial rule of the Duvalier family (1957–1986). After a coup d'état in 2004, the United Nations intervened. In 2010, a catastrophic earthquake and a deadly cholera outbreak devastated the country.[30]

Haiti is a founding member of the United Nations, Organization of American States (OAS),[31] Association of Caribbean States,[32] and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. In addition to CARICOM, it is a member of the International Monetary Fund,[33] World Trade Organization,[34] and Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. Historically poor and politically unstable, Haiti has the lowest Human Development Index in the Americas.[35]

As of 2024, Haiti has faced severe economic and political crises, gang activity,[36] and the collapse of its government. With no elected officials remaining, Haiti has been described as a failed state.[37][38]